Psychology - Critical Thinking Piece Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Psychology - Critical Thinking Piece - Essay Example For this reason, a lot of psychologists and sociologists have considered the building of a positive self-esteem to be the best solution in solving psychological and social problems. (Leary, 1999a: 32 – 33) In line with the effort of psychologists in measuring the self-esteem of a person, sociometer theory was developed in order to serve as a psychological tool that measures the quality of social relationship in life of a person. (Leary, 1999b: 33) Personally, I do agree that developing a high self-esteem is essential part of our lives in terms of being able to socially cope with other people in our environment. However, measuring the degree of self-esteem in each individual with the use of the sociometer theory seems to be illogical because of the so many immeasurable factors such as culture and traditions as well as other negative experiences in life such as criticism, failure, peer rejection (Leary, 1999a: 34), sexual abuse or maltreatment that could either directly or indirectly affect the self-esteem of a human being. For example: some parents who lives in the Asian countries may use physical abuse as a method of rearing a child. On the contrary, most parents who resides in a Western country are trying to avoid physical abuse in rearing a child because of the law that protects the children from any forms of physical harm. Even with the use of research survey, we need to face the fact that it is not possible to accurately measure the exact number of children who has experienced physical abuse or harm which could affect the low self-esteem of a person in each geographic region. According to Leary (1999a: 33), â€Å"sociometer continuously monitors the environment for cues regarding the degree to which the individual is being accepted versus rejected by other people.† Perhaps it is possible that the use of sociometer could detect whether or not the increase or decrease in the self-esteem in general could

The Role of Reason in the Historical Concepts of Human Rights Essay

The Role of Reason in the Historical Concepts of Human Rights - Essay Example The classic example drawn from the Greek literature is that of Antigone, who upon being reproached by Creon for defying his command not to bury her slain brother, asserted that she acted in accordance with the immutable laws of the gods. Human rights concepts however can actually be traced to an earlier period. The Old Testament of the Bible relates the story of ancient Israelites, and in it are abundant inferences about human rights, there is no well-developed statement on the issue but there are significant scattered passages that give clear evidence of a point of view at least as advanced as Greek and Roman philosophy. The Ten Commandments for example, by the prohibition of murder and theft, give implicit recognition is considerably broadened by later elaboration of the laws and by the passionate discourses on justice by such prophets as Amos that can be read in his book in the Old Testament If the concept of human rights is very old, the general recognition of their validity is not, throughout most of history governments failed to accepts the notion that people have rights independent of the state, this called statism and it implies the supremacy of the state in all matters pertaining to the lives of subjects, it is still potent concept in the 20th century, Germany under Adolf Hitler and the Soviet Union during the rule of Joseph Staliln are prime examples of statism. It was not until after the Middle Ages, however that natural law doctrines became closely associated with liberal political theories about natural rights, in Greco-Roman and Medieval times natural law doctrines taught mainly the duties, as distinguished from the rights of man, in addition as evidence can be read in the writing of Aristotle and St. Thomas Aquinas, these doctrines recognized the legitimacy of slavery and serfdom (someone who is bound to the land and owned by the feudal lord) and in doing so, excluded perhaps the central most ideas of human rights as they are understood today, the ideas of freedom or liberty and equality. For the idea of human rights to take hold as a general social need and reality, it was necessary that basic changes in the beliefs and practices of society take place, changes of the sort that evolved from about the 13th century to the Peace of Westphalia (1648), during the Renaissance and the decline of feudalism. When resistance to religious intoler ance and political-economic bondage began the long transition to liberal notions of freedom and equality, particularly in relation to the use of ownership of property, then were the foundations of what today is called Human Rights truly laid. During this period reflecting to the failures of the rulers to meet their natural law obligations as well as the unprecedented commitment to the individual expression and worldly experience that was characteristics of the Renaissance, the shift from natural laws of duties to natural laws as rights was made. The teaching of Aquinas (1224/25-1274) and Hugo Grotius (1583-1645) on the European continent and the Magna Carta (1215), the